Does Oceanography involve math? What math do you need to be a marine biologist? How many years of college do I need to be a marine biologist? What qualifications do you need to be an oceanographer? What are the 4 types of Oceanography? How many years does it take to become an oceanographer? What jobs are there in oceanography?
What are the 5 branches of oceanography? Where can I study oceanography? How many hours do oceanographers work? What are the benefits of being an oceanographer? Do oceanographers travel? Where do most oceanographers work? How do oceanographers help the environment? What tools do physical oceanographers use? Who is a famous oceanographer? What do you call a person who explores underwater? With ONR's financial backing, existing marine research centers were expanded and new ones created.
Initially, ONR was more concerned with institutional support than with program definition. There was generally only one contract per institution, proposals of work were often loosely defined, and the director of the institution had considerable discretion in transferring funds from one investigator to another.
In , the National Science Foundation NSF , dedicated primarily to the support of peer-reviewed single-investigator research in the academic community, was created. The postwar and post- Sputnik periods from to were marked by a national awareness of the rest of the world and an intense interest in science.
These encouraged international cooperation in research, tempered strongly by a U. In marine science, interest grew from our coastlines to the globe, leading to such major ocean-related programs as the International Geophysical Year, the Deep Sea Drilling Project, and the International Decade of Ocean Exploration.
Through both its small science programs and large coordinated programs, NSF rapidly became a significant supporter of oceanography and is now the dominant supporter of academic ocean research. The Navy, which almost single handedly provided impetus and financial support for the postwar academic expansion in oceanography, has progressively concentrated its support in a relatively limited number of Navy-relevant areas and in pro.
NSF has increasingly borne the costs of both research and ship operations. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA , established in , has developed several mechanisms for working with the academic community.
NOAA's National Sea Grant College Program added a new dimension to university marine science programs by concentrating primarily on applied coastal research and developing extension and public information networks. In particular, Sea Grant supported areas of marine science not emphasized by ONR and NSF—the study of estuaries, fisheries, and pollution and the transition of such research to practical applications.
The proximity of NOAA oceanographic and fisheries laboratories to academic institutions leads to opportunities for joint educational and research programs, of benefit to both the academic and the federal laboratories. Other federal agencies support academic scientists, notably the Departments of Interior and Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In the past decade, oceanography has incorporated new technologies from other fields, for example, space research, electronics, and computer science.
A fundamental change arising from the use of new technologies has been an increase in both the quality and the quantity of data collected. Thus each oceanographer's capacity to study ocean phenomena has increased dramatically. This increase has also increased the cost of each oceanographer's scientific research. Another significant change is the planning, primarily with NSF support, of large-scale, long-term global research programs that focus the work of many scientists on global ocean questions.
These large programs are part of the overall scientific quest. They are usually managed by international consortia that involve many scientists, multiple agencies, and often a number of countries. The experience of working in these programs will lead us to ask different questions and to explore different mechanisms of working together in the next decade.
Since the s, U. Instead of developing large permanent organizations with new facilities as in some other countries, U. Large programs typically developed within the academic community through workshops. The community formed scientific steering groups, which were accepted and funded by NSF and other federal agencies, and set up program offices. These offices are located at academic institutions, and program staff is hired for the project duration.
The program office may move as the leadership of the program changes. Upon completion of the research program, the staff assumes other duties and the facilities are used for other purposes, so there is no long-term drain on agency resources. Oceanographic research involves studies of the motion of the water, the distribution of marine life, and the interaction of sea-water with ocean boundaries.
Knowledge of the exchanges of energy, heat, and mass at the ocean-atmosphere interface is important to climate and weather prediction.
Oceanographic research has advanced from the past era of exploration to one of observation and description of ocean systems and of processes within the ocean and among the ocean, atmosphere, and ocean basins and boundaries. Because of the advances in satellite observation, computer modeling, and technology e. The ocean science community has developed several multi-institutional, interdisciplinary research programs that should significantly improve our knowledge of physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes occurring in the ocean.
One important goal of these programs is to understand ocean processes in sufficient detail to allow predictions to be made of the impact of human activities on the environment. Because of the global scale of many environmental problems and the substantial resources i. The nation's academic capability in ocean science is robust. It is reflected in strong academic departments at many public and. Although the United States funds perhaps half of the global total of oceanographic research in many of its disciplines, international cooperation is vital for achievement of the goals of most large global research programs.
The academic community could contribute significantly to the study of the ocean and to solutions to the spectrum of ocean-related environmental problems now facing the nation and the world.
This report has three major objectives. The first is to document and discuss important trends in the human, physical, and fiscal resources available to oceanographers, especially academic oceanographers, over the last decade.
Its second goal is to present the board's best assessment of the scientific opportunities in physical oceanography, marine geochemistry, marine geology and geophysics, biological oceanography, and coastal oceanography during the upcoming decade. The third and principal objective is to provide a blueprint for more productive partnerships between academic oceanographers and federal agencies.
An example from the Reno meeting was the wonderful talk by Heidi Cullen, who showed how studying ocean sediment cores could lead to a clearer understanding of the role of climate in the collapse of the ancient Akkadian empire.
Another example, embodied in the work of Holger Jannasch at hydrothermal vents, has implications that we will probably not even comprehend in our own lifetimes. We stand in awe of the idea of a new kingdom of life and the concept that life does not require sunlight or conditions that we would normally consider hospitable. We are used to thinking about harmful algal blooms and how they affect people, but do we often think of cholera being spread and nurtured in the ocean?
We are familiar with losses associated with coastal hazards, but does the public often think of the ocean as a place to prospect for important new medicines? One distinction that has been made between the fields of marine biology and biological oceanography is this: marine biologists study the plants, animals and protists of our estuaries, coasts and oceans, ranging from whales to microscopic algae and bacteria, and biological oceanographers study marine organisms and their biological processes within the context of their natural environment.
As a growing global population stresses the ability of our society to produce food, water and shelter, we will continue to look to the oceans to help sustain our basic needs. Advances in technology, combined with demand, will improve our ability to derive food, drinking water, energy sources, waste disposal and transportation from the ocean. It will be up to this and future generations to build upon our existing knowledge of the ocean and its potential to help meet the needs of the world and its inhabitants.
It is extremely rewarding when you know your work has direct application to an important effort. For me, it is when final habitat maps and findings can be put to good use -- such as contribute to a better understanding of the ecosystem, identify physical-biological relationships, inform management decisions, and further methodologies used in the field of seafloor habitat mapping.
I also very much enjoy using ArcGIS mapping and spatial analysis software and being out on research vessels to conduct fieldwork. As many interesting geological features as there are on land, nearly as many exist within, under, and at the boundaries of the oceans.
Mountains, valleys, volcanoes, islands, plains and canyons all exist in similar form in the marine realm. In fact, Earth's largest continuous mountain chain is the Mid-Ocean Ridge, stretching for over 40, miles and rising above the surface of the water in a few places, such as Iceland. The Mariana Trench, located in the central Pacific Ocean, is deeper, by about a mile, than the highest point of Mount Everest. Active deep-sea volcanoes, located along mid-ocean ridges, supply rich mineral deposits and new rock formations to the seafloor.
It has been written that the ocean bottoms are the most active places on Earth, from a geological perspective. Geological oceanographers study the formations, composition and history of the seafloor.
They examine sediments, including physical characteristics such as size, shape, color and weight; chemical characteristics, such as composition and how sediments interact with the environment; and other factors, including sediment age, origin, distribution and transport. They piece together information about how the Earth formed and how the movement of plates and continents results in events such as volcanoes and earthquakes.
They work with biologists and chemical oceanographers to learn more about historical climate records and animal and plant life by examining sediment and rock cores for fossils and analyzing sediment composition using radiocarbon dating and other methods.
They also use remote sensing technology to map the ridges and valleys. An increasingly important area of marine geology is coastal geology. Throughout history, the human population has shown a tendency to settle along the world's , miles of coastline.
The effects of humans inhabiting our shores and coastlines have become increasingly apparent.
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