The researchers conclude "Although selective pressure generates diversity in bacterial populations during infection, invasive disease starts from a single founding cell which escapes initial immune clearance; a paradigm predicted to apply also to human systemic infections.
Image credit: Marco R. Contact: Marco R. Oggioni e-mail: mro5 leicester. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Discussion In the present study, we examined pancreatic and systemic infections in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions BC: conception and design, interpretation of data, statistical analysis, critical revision, given final approval of the version to be published.
Pancreatic infection in severe pancreatitis: the role of fungus and multiresistant organisms. Arch Surg. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis: a prospective clinical study.
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J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Infectious complications, prognostic factors and assessment of antiinfectious management of consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. The areas affected are often red, tender, swollen and warm.
The person may develop a fever and pus may collect at the site. Some internal localized infections, such as the appendix or the heart, are very serious and require prompt medical attention. This spreads through the bloodstream to the entire body. Symptoms may include shakiness, chills, weakness, nausea, vomiting and joint aches. These can vary in severity. Some, such as influenza the flu , often respond well to home treatment.
Others, like septicemia and malaria, are life threatening and require urgent medical attention. An infection is caused by microbes spreading and overpowering the immune system:. Some conditions, like the common cold or flu, are easy to diagnose because most people are familiar with the symptoms. For others, doctors may need to perform diagnostic tests.
The symptoms vary depending on many factors, including severity, localized or systemic, patient age, other existing medical conditions and overall immune system health. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the illness. However, the circulatory system is just one system of the body. A blood infection is not necessarily affecting multiple systems. Several STDs are either always systemic infections or can become a systemic infection. HIV , for example, is a disease of the whole body.
The virus attacks the immune system. If untreated, it can lead to immunodeficiency. This, in turn, can make people susceptible to a large number of other infectious diseases.
Fortunately, highly effective treatments are now available for HIV. They can both keep the virus in check and reduce the transmission of HIV to others. Gonorrhea , on the other hand, is usually a local bacterial infection. However, it can become disseminated under certain circumstances. Disseminated gonorrhea is a systemic infection. As a systemic infection, disseminated gonorrhea causes different symptoms than localized gonorrhea. For example, it can cause a type of infectious arthritis.
Local infections with gonorrhea are more likely to cause genital discharge or a sore throat. Those symptoms depend on the location of the infection.
Many local gonorrhea infections cause no symptoms at all. Chlamydia may seem like an obvious candidate to cause systemic infections. It can ascend to the uterus in women and cause scarring. In men, it can also cause scarring of the male reproductive tract and subsequent infertility. It affects a variety of sites, including the eyes and the rectum. However, the specific type of chlamydia that causes genital infections is not generally thought to cause systemic infections. Other chlamydia types, however, may do so.
For example, the systemic disease lymphogranuloma venereum LGV is caused by a type of chlamydia that spreads throughout the body.
Oddly, LGV infections behave more like syphilis than chlamydia. This is despite the fact that the bacteria that causes them is a type of chlamydia. Syphilis moves through various stages.
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