Taekwondo was developed during the s and s by various Korean martial artists as a blend of the indigenous Korean fighting styles of taekkyeon, gwonbeop, and subak, with influence from foreign martial arts, such as karate and Chinese martial arts. The oldest governing body for Taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association KTA , formed in by a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea.
Some students come to us in shape, while others have come to us pounds overweight. Most come to us with limited flexibility. Adults start at any age, as we have had some adults who started as late as age 65 and have still earned their black belts. As a student, you are looked upon as an individual, never compared to anyone else.
One reason for this devisiveness is that Korea has been repeatedly invaded and dominated by its geographic neighbors: Mongolia, China, and Japan. Because Korea is smaller and less powerful than the surrounding countries, the people of Korea saw the need to study martial arts early on in order to defend themselves from their more agressive neighbors. Murals depicting men free sparring have been found on the ceiling of the Muyong-chong royal tomb which was constructed by the Koguryo dynasty sometime between 3 and AD.
Stone reliefs carved into the cave walls of Suck-Kool-Am in southern Korea, and dated at the sixth century AD, depict men performing high section blocks quite similar to those performed in modern day Tae Kwon Do. As early as the seventh century AD Buddhism arrived on the scene. Zen Buddhist monks travelled from India to China and then eventually to the Korean peninsula. These monks brought to Korea both their religion and the martial art known as Kwon Bop. At approximately the same time, during the Silla dynasty, a youth group known as the Hwa-Rang came into being.
This group, also called "The Flower of Youth", trained its members in the arts of war, literature, and community service.
Their code was:. It was the art of kicking, punching, and butting and remained popular in Korea for many centuries. A modern day martial art called Hwa-Rang Do, which takes its name in honor of this youth group, is practiced both inside and outside of Korea today. A benefit of having been regularly invaded is that Koreans were exposed to a variety of cultures, languages, and martial arts.
Over time the circular motions of Kung-Fu from China, and the more abrupt, linear motions of Karate fom Japan, were blended into the Korean martial arts.
Both Kung-Fu and Karate added a wide variety of hand techniques to the primarily kicking martial arts native to Korea. This is especially notable in the less-well-known Korean martial art of Tang Soo Do whose students practice a split of hand and foot techniques as opposed to the split seen in typical Tae Kwon Do practicants. All of these influences from surrounding countries, and even as far away as India, have surely had an impact on Tae Kwon Do. But did martial arts start first in India, Okinawa, Korea, or somewhere else?
Were the Korean martial arts primarily influenced by others, or did they do the influencing themselves? These questions are hotly debated. Everyone has their own opinion, but no one so far has made a case strong enough to win over the majority to their point of view. The modern history of Tae Kwon Do is even more convoluted than the ancient version.
As such, it can make a pretty strong case for being the first and more traditional version of Tae Kwon Do. These two different federations were founded in the s and s and have spent their time since then growing into truly global organizations. They have also spent their time promoting two different versions of the history of Tae Kwon Do, each trying to discredit the other organization. In the s, two schools of thought formed between TaeKwonDo that was growing in the US versus that which was brought over from Korea.
Oriental martial artists demanded loyalty to a single form in order to preserve the art and honor instructors. For example, as children, students may try out a few different styles. However, by their teenage years, they pick one and stick with it. On the contrary, American martial artists differed by borrowing techniques from many different styles to make their own — and thus began the American contribution to Taekwondo.
The tradition of sticking to a single form was soon overridden by schools teaching a variety of styles, which eventually lead to many different organizations forming. At its first inaugural meeting at the Kukkiwon, 35 representatives participated in forming it after splitting from the International Taekwon-do Federation. The Kukkiwon , which is also known as the World Taekwondo Headquarters, was established by the South Korean government to oversee and govern taekwondo.
The first World Taekwondo Championships were hosted in at the Kukkiwon, with more than 15 countries and competitors. Currently, it is the official governing body of taekwondo in the Olympics. Despite the numerous martial arts widely available, TaeKwonDo is one of two to be practiced in the Olympics the other being judo.
It has full authority on all decisions regarding team selections for the Olympics and World Taekwondo events. The number of geup ranks varies depending on the style, typically ranging between 8 and 12 geup ranks. The numbering sequence for geup ranks usually begins at the larger number for white belts, and then counts down to "1st geup" as the highest color-belt rank.
The senior section of ranks - the "black belt" ranks - is typically made up of nine ranks. The numbering sequence for dan ranks is opposite that of geup ranks: numbering begins at 1st dan the lowest black-belt rank and counts upward for higher ranks. A practitioner's degree is sometimes indicated on the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or other methods. Some styles incorporate an additional rank between the geup and dan levels, called the "bo-dan" rank -- essentially, a candidate rank for black belt promotion.
At age 15, their poom rank is considered to transition to equivalent dan rank automatically. To advance from one rank to the next, students typically complete promotion tests in which they demonstrate their proficiency in the various aspects of the art before their teacher or a panel of judges.
Promotion tests vary from school to school, but may include such elements as the execution of patterns, which combine various techniques in specific sequences; the breaking of boards to demonstrate the ability to use techniques with both power and control; sparring and self-defense to demonstrate the practical application and control of techniques; physical fitness usually with push-ups and sit-ups; and answering questions on terminology, concepts, and history to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the art.
For higher dan tests, students are sometimes required to take a written test or submit a research paper in addition to taking the practical test. Promotion from one geup to the next can proceed rapidly in some schools, since schools often allow geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Students of geup rank learn the most basic techniques first, and then move on to more advanced techniques as they approach first dan.
Many of the older and more traditional schools often take longer to allow students to test for higher ranks than newer, more contemporary schools, as they may not have the required testing intervals. In contrast, promotion from one dan to the next can take years. In fact, some styles impose age or time-in-rank limits on dan promotions. For example, the number of years between one dan promotion to the next may be limited to a minimum of the practitioner's current dan-rank, so that for example a 5th dan practitioner must wait 5 years to test for 6th dan.
Black belt ranks may have titles associated with them, such as "master" and "instructor", but Taekwondo organizations vary widely in rules and standards when it comes to ranks and titles.
What holds true in one organization may not hold true in another, as is the case in many martial art systems. For example, achieving first dan black belt ranking with three years' training might be typical in one organization, but considered too quick in another organization, and likewise for other ranks.
Similarly, the title for a given dan rank in one organization might not be the same as the title for that dan rank in another organization. In the International Taekwon-Do Federation, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called Boosabum assistant instructor , those holding 4th to 6th dan are called Sabum instructor , those holding 7th to 8th dan are called Sahyun master , and those holding 9th dan are called Saseong grandmaster. In the American Taekwondo Association, instructor designations are separate from rank.
Black belts may be designated as an instructor trainee red collar , specialty trainer red and black collar , certified trainer black-red-black collar and certified instructor black collar. After a one-year waiting period, instructors who hold a sixth dan are eligible for the title of Master.
Seventh dan black belts are eligible for the title Senior Master and eighth dan black belts are eligible for the title Chief Master. Students who hold a 4th - 6th dan are considered Masters.
Masters who hold a 7th - 9th dan are considered a Grand-Master. The oldest Korean martial arts were an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje, [23] where young men were trained in unarmed combat techniques to develop strength, speed, and survival skills. The most popular of these techniques was ssireum andsubak, with taekkyeon being the most popular of the components of subak.
The Northern Goguryeo kingdom was a dominant force in Northern Korea and North Eastern China prior to the 1st century CE, and again from the 3rd century to the 6th century. Before the fall of the Goguryeo Dynasty in the 6th century, the Shilla Kingdom asked for help in training its people for defense against pirate invasions. During this time a few select Silla warriors were given training in taekkyeon by the early masters from Goguryeo. These Silla warriors then became known as Hwarang or "blossoming knights.
The guiding principles of the Hwarang warriors were based on Won Gwang's five codes of human conduct and included loyalty, filial duty, trustworthiness, valor, and justice. In spite of Korea's rich history of ancient and martial arts, Korean martial arts faded during the late Joseon Dynasty. Korean society became highly centralized underKorean Confucianism, and martial arts were poorly regarded in a society whose ideals were epitomized by its scholar-kings.
However,taekkyeon persisted into the 19th century as a folk game during the May-Dano festival, and was still taught as the formal military martial art throughout the Joseon Dynasty. Early progenitors of Taekwondo - the founders of the nine original kwans - who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts, including karate, judo, and kendo, [26] while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria, as well as to the indigenous Korean martial art of taekkyeon.
Different styles of Taekwondo adopt different philosophical underpinnings. Many of these underpinnings however refer back of the Five Commandments of the Hwarangas a historical referent. Modern ITF organizations have continued to update and expand upon this philosophy. The World Taekwondo Federation also refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the articulation of its Taekwondo philosophy.
The WTF's stated philosophy is that this goal can be furthered by adoption of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally "education in accordance with the reason of heaven" , and by recognition of the philosophies embodied in thetaegeuk the yin and the yang, i.
The philosophical position articulated by the Kukkiwon is likewise based on the Hwarang tradition.
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