This underlines the fact, that German east-west migration has a high circular component and is furthermore embedded in the European and global migratory space.
Nearly half of our interviewees settled in the largest West German agglomerations, while only every tenth move was directed towards a rural region Schultz, , pp.
Particularly the highly qualified were drawn to the large agglomerations, thereby covering greater distances than those migrants with lower qualifications. A decisive factor of destination choice was found in the social networks at the places of arrival. That is, especially young migrants looking for vocational training largely relied on help and agency of friends or relatives who already had settled in the West German destination.
Sometimes, those networks not only structured the destination choice, but also facilitated the migratory decision as such. A further regional type with regards to interregional mobility is identified along the former border between East and West Germany. In those border-regions, a high proportion of East German population is commuting to a West German workplace nearby, so that commuting may be a substitute for migration in those areas Schultz, , 61f. Therefore, labour market integration can be assessed positively, and also income levels of migrants were considerably raised.
One quarter worked either in low occupational positions metal workers, drivers, waiters, care takers, sales assistants or in highly qualified jobs, such as engineers, scientists, physicians or managers. Thus, the qualification profile of our interviewees does not suggest a brain drain with regards to the established qualification criteria. For a correct evaluation of the movements under human capital aspects, the return probability and the human capital structure of potential remigrants is of high importance.
Also for the social network factor we found high correlations between intensity of contacts to the source region and return intention. Noticeable is, that — leaving aside the high significances found for our model — a significant share of the successful and not homebound migrants also considered remigration.
However, the economic situation in the home region is crucial for a return, as most interviewees take equal or even higher income levels than in their actual destination as a precondition for remigration. In this final section, we want to elaborate on some outcomes of our case study and shed light on the specific value of geographical meaning regionally oriented and spatially embedded approaches in migration research.
We found a high rural-urban component in migratory streams which created a pattern of winner and looser regions with regards to quantitative and qualitative demographic features. This systematic seems to be applicable also to other geographical or national entities. We found that geographical proximity went in line with social proximity, and that those patterns above all affected the younger and less well educated migrants seeking for vocational education or a medium qualified job.
Those features could not be explained by solely economic or gravitation models, but rather needed the integration of social and demographic theory. This leads us to the general conclusion, that it is especially the exceptions and not the mainstream of results that make regional studies so valuable for understanding migratory patterns.
On the other hand we did register a loss of human capital in relative terms, as there was a higher proportion of migrants with high education levels and those working in high ranked labour market segments in relation to the source population.
For a generalization of results, we suggest to refine the brain drain definition and not only consider academic degrees or occupational status but integrate the demand-supply patterns of regional labour markets. For each case study, the relevant variables for human capital loss should be chosen with regards to the regional specifics.
Longitudinal studies can help to explain return and to capture the connections between migratory moves, career development and family life cycle. The birth of a child, for example, significantly changes labour market integration and career development — especially for women, and might also lead to a re-evaluation of social networks in source and destination region, thus influencing mobility decisions.
Therefore, there seems to be a strong imperative to integrate demographic and gender approaches into migration studies. The fact that this result was unexpected is due to the base hypothesis that human mobility is the exception to the rule of sedentariness, a hypothesis valid for mobility research in general, which is underlined by German mobility statistics calculating a lower mobility ratio for East Germany in comparison to West Germany.
Deconstructing this base hypothesis according to the naturalization paradigm from methodological nationalism can bring another perspective into this case study : we were studying an inhomogeneous population according to their mobility biographies and aspirations, but neglected this difference by hypothesizing a homogeneous group on the common ground of the regional container of Sachsen-Anhalt.
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